Babesiosis is a type of blood infection caused by a microscopic parasite. This disease is very rare in cats in Europe and the USA, and it hasn’t been reported in cats in the UK.
Babesiosis is common in dogs in Southern Europe and many other parts of the world, but not in cats. In cats, this disease is only common in South Africa. This disease is spread by ticks. Even though Babesia parasites have been found in samples from cat ticks in the UK, the disease itself hasn’t been detected.
What causes babesiosis in cats?
Babesiosis is caused by a group of tiny blood parasites (Babesia), distant relatives of the one that causes malaria in people.
There are several species of Babesia, and they are usually divided into two groups, commonly known as “large babesia” and “small babesia”. This is based on their appearance under a microscope, and also on how the disease usually progresses and the typical response to treatment.
The only common form of Babesiosis in cats is a type of “small babesia” (Babesia felis) that is found in South Africa.
These parasites enter red blood cells and multiply, causing the cells to burst.
This causes the immune system to go into high alert, to the point that it often starts attacking healthy red blood cells, as it tries to get rid of the ones that are infected.
This causes severe anaemia.
The drop in oxygen being transported may damage vital organs. The most commonly affected are the kidneys, heart and brain.
Symptoms of babesiosis in cats
Very low energy or lethargy
Tiredness or shortness of breath after minimal physical effort
Little or no appetite
Pale or yellowish gums
Laboured breathing
Collapse
Cats at higher risk of babesiosis
This disease is only commonly found in South Africa, so the risk for UK and USA cats is extremely low.
Diagnosis of babesiosis in cats
Babesiosis may be suspected from the symptoms and travel history.
Blood tests are required for diagnosis and to help guide treatment. There are different types of blood tests, each providing different information:
A blood smear is a test that vets can do in the clinic, using a microscope. It’s quick and fairly reliable, but may miss the infection.
PCR tests need to be sent to an external lab, and the results may take several days to arrive. But they are the most accurate, and they can pinpoint the species of Babesia involved.
Veterinary treatment of babesiosis in cats
Treatment for babesiosis in cats involves combining antibiotic tablets for 10-20 days.
Cats with babesiosis may be very ill, so they often need supportive treatments alongside medication to eliminate the parasite. This may include:
Hospitalisation for intravenous fluids and monitoring
Blood transfusions if the anaemia is severe
Home treatment of babesiosis in cats
With infectious diseases, it’s very important to follow the treatment plan strictly. Stopping the treatment too early or failing to give the prescribed doses may lead to the infection coming back or becoming impossible to treat. Speak to your vet if you have any questions or difficulties.
Joii can help if you need advice about giving medication to your cat or have other questions.
Prevention of babesiosis in cats
Preventing babesiosis is best achieved by preventing tick bites and prolonged tick attachment. There are several options, including tablets, collars and spot-ons. The most reliable products may require a prescription, so speak to your vet to discuss a parasite prevention plan. This is especially important if you’re travelling to South Africa with your cat.
A vaccine against Babesiosis (Pirodog) is available in some European countries, but it only reduces infection severity and is not always effective. It’s usually only recommended in high-risk situations, but you can discuss this further with your vet.
If you’ve adopted a cat from abroad, especially South Africa, consider making sure they have been tested for babesiosis. This may prevent transmission to other cats, as well as allow for early diagnosis and treatment.
What to expect for my cat with babesiosis
Cats infected with Babesia usually respond quickly to treatment, but it may be difficult to eliminate the infection.
Some cats will become chronically infected. This means the infection may come back later, especially if something affects their immune system. They may also become a source of infection for ticks and other cats.
Can my family catch babesiosis from my cat?
People can develop babesiosis, but this is from different types of Babesia than those that affect cats. None of the types of Babesia that affect cats are known to pass from cats to people.
When to worry about babesiosis in cats
Speak to a vet as soon as possible if your pet:
Is tired or lethargic
Is not eating or drinking much
Has pale or yellow gums
Seems short of breath or is struggling to cope with being active
The Joii vets are always available to give you advice and answer any questions.
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